نشریه پژوهش های زبان و ترجمه فرانسه
سال چهارم شماره 1 (پیاپی 6، بهار و تابستان 1400)

One of the key principles of success in language teaching/learning is to improve the required skills for better individual or collective performance during this process and to make it easier for learners to use the language. Therefore, the purpose of language use in this article is a set of language rules that beginner undergraduate students follow in a general and acceptable way. Learning a language follows such a complex pattern. Second language teaching is a multidimensional process, each of which plays an important role in the proper application of this important issue and affects the quality of an educational program. Consequently, to be more effective and efficient, the process of teaching/learning French must be based on factors such as high and positive motivation for learners, increasing their enjoyment of learning, exercises using new technologies along with the literacy for use, , using intellectual work appropriate to the level of language learners, teaching methods, classroom management methods, and presentation of materials. Based on the theory of “thinking brain” proposed by Kenneth Chastain and by examining the effectiveness of communication skills based on cognitive approach with rules of learning, this article aims to study cognitive styles as well as specific aspects of the teaching/learning process, the effect of these factors on improving the quality of teaching/learning French as a foreign language in the university among undergraduate students in the first semester, and also the ease and speed of language use among students.

This research uses a sociocritical approach to analyze the discourse and image of men and women in the famous Bozorg Alavi’s novel called Her Eyes. Alavi is a realist writer who uses real events and reveals the shortcomings of the society of his time. Her eyes are a socio-political novels and the discourse of the characters represents socio-political concepts. The main purpose is to analyze the social issues of the novel arising from the discourse of the characters in order to observe the different positions of individuals in their speech and to understand how society manifests itself in the system of expression. This study demonstrates how we can ultimately reflect the structure of the society by examining discourse used in a novel. Our study also shows that the position and image of women is presented by Alavi is in complete contrast to what they were in the society. The woman is a person who has a dynamic role in society. An avant-garde character who introduces irregularities in aristocratic values and has profound effects on the creation of a new discourse. The sociocritical study with the aim of examining the elements of discourse helps us to take a path towards meaning.

As a recent approach in the human sciences and in literary criticism, ecocriticism animates a fundamental antagonism: to displace the human being in favor of a certain autonomy or even a philosophical and aesthetic self-sufficiency of Nature. It is no exaggeration to say that this debate is at the origin of the theoretical and methodological bifurcations in the field of ecocriticism since its emergence in the 1990s. Our study tries, as far as possible, to go around the ecocritical approaches especially Anglo-Saxon to finally address the ecocritical approach proposed by Félix Guattari who will represent the French perspective in the ecocritical debate. To do this, we will be particularly interested in Three Ecologies (1989), Guattari's most solid ecological writing, where the philosopher proposes his famous idea of "Ecosophy", thus opening up a whole new perspective in the ecological reading of cultural works: a perspective based essentially on questioning the relationship between human subjectivity and its ecological, environmental and social exterior. Then, we will try to deploy this conceptual tool that Guattari offers us by looking at a contemporary Iranian play which does not reveal, at first glance, any interest for a classic ecocritical reading to see how, in the absence of any explicit theme linked to non-human nature, the ecocritical approach can still retain its relevance.

Discovering the common elements and rules of narratives in order to achieve their general structures is always considered by narratologists. The analysis of Maeterlinck's play is important because it is influenced by the Shahnameh in its inner layers by using the characters of Zal and Rudabeh, Sindokht and the beginning of Siavash's story, etc. Meanwhile, the comprehensive theory of " Genett " in the field of narrative, with a kind of reverse engineering, is the most efficient way to study the structure of these two narratives from different angles. He examines the narratives from three perspectives: "narrator", "time" and "centralization". By analyzing the "voice of the narrative" component, Genett reveals who, when, and where the narrator is. The present study tries to describe the possibility of explaining the trick of narration by assuming that the lyrical story of Zal and Rudabeh and the play of Peleas and Melizand are narratives based on Genett's theory. This article uses a descriptive-analytical approach based on library studies to make a comparative analysis of the two stories and analyzes and compares the two stories by emphasizing the commonalities and differences between the narrative voice application technique. The research findings indicate that the two stories are told by the narrator of the event. The predominant aspect of narration in Zal and Rudabeh is post-event narration, and in Peleas and Melizand, the narration is simultaneous with the event, and the level of narration in both stories is of the extra-fiction narrator type.

There is no doubt that the definition of translation is still complex and controversial among experts. Therefore, many see it yet as sort of re-creation of a new text. If reproduction is interpreted by linguistic point of view, so translation, in its essence, will be a kind of linguistic production that is translated from the SL to the TL in a transitional process. In linguistic neoteny point of view, linguistic production becomes possible exclusively in language in esse, so, linguistic intuition is highly needed in order to achieve the do's and don'ts of that language. One of these intuitions is enunciative intuition, which allows the translator to achieve the appropriate structure for the source phrase in the TL. These do's and don'ts are beyond the knowledge of the linguistic, syntactic, and semantic structure that the user needs to learn for a language. The do's and don'ts of a language are the spaces of language that the user is familiar with end to the language satisfaction. Knowing these do's and don'ts in the source and TL, the translator will be able to translate and convey the message properly. In this article, by analyzing this type of transmission, we examine the possess of enunciative intuition from the perspective of linguistic neoteny based on the novel "Airships" by Amélie Nothomb. In this article, we will see that the translator can easily remove his translation from the structure base in the SL and find an independent structure in the TL.

Ideological linguistic structures, which are a combination of linguistic structures and ideology, are the main concepts of critical discourse analysis. In this article, we aim to identify these structures in the Persian translation of the novel The Gods Are Athirst by means of the analytical-descriptive method. We used the three-dimensional model of Farzaneh Farahzad for criticizing the translation of Kazem Emadi because this model is particularly apt to study translated texts. In this model, the translation choices in the text, the para-text and the non-verbal signs are studied in terms of intertextuality and ideology.
Among the ideological translation strategies that we analysed, attenuation and euphemism, gain, alteration and gain accounted for the highest percentage of the total frequency (making up approximately two-thirds of the total of ideological choices). Thereafter come alteration, loss, strategies consisting of two strategies, generalization, meronymy, and particularization, making a lower total frequency percentage than the previous three (making up approximately one-third of the total of ideological choices). The study revealed that ideological choices are different from idiosyncratic or personal choices of the translator, even if it is sometimes difficult to distinguish them. Moreover, most of the ideological linguistic structures in this translation were employed for cultural, religious and moral reasons, while those carrying a political charge in favour of the monarchical regime of the time were less common.

L'épidémie de Coronavirus, ainsi des changements socioculturels, des avancées technologiques et la dépendance de la jeune génération au technologie, ont changé la culture de l'apprentissage ; Les enseignants et les apprenants se sont inévitablement adaptés à ces conditions. Les apprenants de nouvelle génération sont toujours à la recherche d'autonomie dans l'apprentissage, et donc aujourd'hui, l'apprentissage autodirigé est l'une des préoccupations des enseignants et des chercheurs dans le domaine de l'enseignement des langues étrangères. Compte tenu de l'évolution de la méthode d'enseignement et de l'importance de la compréhension écrite dans l'apprentissage du français, comment nous pourrions utiliser une stratégie efficace dans laquelle les apprenants prennent en charge leur propre apprentissage et deviennent autonomes dans la compréhension écrite ? Le but de cette étude est de fournir un modèle approprié pour améliorer l'apprentissage autodirigé des apprenants dans la compréhension écrite dans un environnement virtuel. Pour cela, nous examinons les quatre étapes du modèle de Grow en relation avec le rôle de l'enseignant et des tâches de l'apprenant. Ce modèle est présenté en quatre étapes et nous voyons un changement progressif du rôle de l'apprenant d'accepteur à analyste et critique. En appliquant ce modèle, ainsi les stratégies d'apprentissage de Paul Cyr, nous attendons que les stratégies cognitives, métacognitives et également l’autonomie des apprenants soient renforcées. Pour prouver cette hypothèse, une méthode expérimentale a été réalisée entre deux groupes d'étudiants en langue française à l'Université Ferdowsi de Mashhad.

AbstractSince every translation is a reading product of the original text, it is considered a paratext for the primary text. However, translation is also considered a text and is accompanied by paratexts. It is expected that by examining these paratexts, helpful information and evidence be obtained to find out the priorities and reasons behind the translator's decisions and his translation method. In this article, relying on Gérard Genette's opinion about paratext and its types and using Antoine Berman's translation criticism method, the paratexts of the first full translation of the Divan of Hafez into French are scrutinized (de Fouchécour, 2006). After examining the epitexts of the mentioned translation, its peritexts are analyzed. Using these paratexts, de Fouchécour's view on Persian literature and Hafez's poetry, in particular, are realized. In this way, it is revealed that he considered translation an incomplete tool for recognizing and introducing Hafez to French-speaking readers. Moreover, it is comprehended that de Fouchécour's standpoint toward Persian literature, Hafez's poetry, and the act of translation affected his project to translate the Divan of Hafez, and as a result, he presented a non-versified translation of all of Hafez's Ghazals and provided notes for the translation of each Ghazal.

After a period of prosperity in Franco Iranian cultural political relations in the 17th century, some local events and the decline of diplomacy between the two countries and also the international equations at the beginning of the 18th century, made the relations between these countries decreased, and led to the reduction of political and commercial frequentations between Iran and France. This article tends to answer this essential question that as the severe decline existed, what was the cultural relation’s status between the two countries? And also, what was the role of cultural mechanisms in the absence of political relations? The results of this research show that beside these political crises, the cultural mechanisms, particularly in France, continue to exist though more extended than before. Affected by writing diaries and some other reasons, in French works, writings, thoughts and reflections, and to some extent, over thoughts leading to the Revolution in France, concentration on Iran seems undeniable. This study, with an analytical approach and based on these effects, in the meantime, considering the formation of various subjects with the axis of Iran, in French writers and travelers’ works, such as Iranian revolutions, in the middle of the French Revolution, reveals how the cultural mechanisms find a determining role in the absence of political relations.